Ready to become a U.S. citizen? By the end of this article, you’ll know each step—from checking eligibility through taking the Oath—and learn unique tips you won’t find on other sites. Let’s dive in.
Step 1: Determine Your Eligibility
Before anything else, make sure you meet the basic requirements:
- At least 18 years old
- Lawful permanent resident (green card)
- Continuous residence (5 years, or 3 years if married to a U.S. citizen)
- Physical presence in the U.S. for at least half that time
Continuous residence can be disrupted by long trips abroad. Generally, any absence over six months can reset your clock; absences over a year almost always do, according to the Immigration and Nationality Act’s definition of continuous residence^1. Plan vacations wisely.
Step 2: Complete Form N-400
Form N-400 is your application for naturalization. You’ll need to:
- Download the form from USCIS
- Fill in personal details, including any name change you want; the form has a dedicated section for that
- Gather supporting documents (copy of green card, marriage certificate if applying under 3-year rule, etc.)
The current filing fee is $725 (includes biometrics). Fee waivers or reductions may apply if your income is low or you’re on certain public benefits. Check state or local programs for help with filing fees. You can get the official Form N-400 package directly from the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services^2.
Step 3: Submit Documents, Fees, and Tax Records
When you submit your N-400 package, include:
- Copy of your green card (front and back)
- Two passport-style photos (if applicable)
- Proof of marital status (if using 3-year rule)
- Transcript or proof you’ve filed all federal tax returns
Unpaid or late taxes can delay or derail your application. The IRS provides an online tool to verify your tax filing status and account balance^3.
Step 4: Attend Your Biometrics Appointment
A few weeks after filing, USCIS will mail you a notice for fingerprints, photo, and signature. This takes place at an Application Support Center. It’s a quick visit—plan to be there about an hour.
Step 5: Go to Your Interview & Take the Tests
You’ll meet an immigration officer who’ll review your N-400, ask personal questions, and administer the English and civics tests. To prepare:
- Study the 100 civics questions for the naturalization test from the official USCIS study guide available on the Government Publishing Office site^4.
- Practice reading, writing, and speaking basic English
Medical Disability Exemptions
If you have a physical or developmental disability or mental impairment, you can request an exemption by submitting Form N-648 with a physician’s recommendation. The American Immigration Council outlines how medical exemptions work and what documentation you need^5.
Step 6: Receive a Decision & Take the Oath
Once you pass the interview and tests, you’ll get a decision notice. If approved, you’ll be scheduled for a naturalization ceremony where you’ll:
- Take the Oath of Allegiance
- Receive your Certificate of Naturalization
After that, you’re an official U.S. citizen!
Special Considerations
Life isn’t one-size-fits-all. Here are extra scenarios you might encounter:
Derivative Citizenship for Children
If you naturalize while your child is under 18 and living in your legal and physical custody, they can automatically become a U.S. citizen, as explained by the U.S. Department of State’s Child Citizenship Act overview.
Impact of Criminal History
Certain offenses can bar you from naturalization. In some cases, minor crimes may be “waived,” but serious felonies typically can’t. The American Bar Association details how past convictions affect your application and why full disclosure is essential^7.
Expedited Processing for Military Families
If you’ve served honorably in the U.S. armed forces, you may qualify for reduced residency requirements and waived fees under special military naturalization provisions described by USA.gov^8.
Dual Citizenship Insights
The U.S. permits dual citizenship, but some countries don’t. Always verify your home country’s rules before applying so you understand potential conflicts or obligations.
Post-Denial Options & Appeals
If your application is denied, you can file Form N-336 to request a hearing before an immigration officer. This appeals process gives you a chance to address errors or misunderstandings in your case.
Selective Service for Male Applicants
Male applicants between ages 18–26 must have registered for Selective Service to naturalize. Failure to register can jeopardize your application, according to the Selective Service System^9.
Tax Compliance & Congressional Help
Keeping your tax records current matters. If USCIS processing drags on, you can ask your local member of Congress to make an inquiry on your behalf.
Your Path Forward
You’ve covered eligibility checks, Form N-400, interviews, tests, special cases, and what comes next. By understanding each step and knowing these insider tips—like medical exemptions or certificate replacements—you’re better equipped to navigate the path to U.S. citizenship. Good luck on your journey!